I believe that the biggest difference is in the speed and optimization of mathematical works, and of course, the size of the internal buses, But can you post more differences between these platforms?
It is a complex question that different families of Micros vary in their abilities. The number of bits only refers to the width of the data pipe, which limits the accuracy of mathematics, although many microescels are either high order maths or special HWs that can perform high precision math functions.
The historical difference price is: 8-bit was cheaper, 32-bit was expensive. It is still true in general, but the price of 16-bit parts has come down significantly.
Most of the 8-bit processors are outdated and run on older architectures, so they are slow. They also make it cheaper, since the competition is at 8-bit point, and it introduces them towards slow speeds. They also have a lower limit on supported RAM / other storage, but the actual amount depends on the family.
The 16-bit processor also focuses on the price, but there is a large range of available parts, some of which are quite high performance and large amounts of on-chip peripherals. These parts usually perform faster than the 8-bit parts of the math, where the exact 8 bit is more, and there is more addressable memory.
32-bit chips primarily compete for the performance of an application. There are 32-bit parts targeted at some specific applications. They are packed with peripherals and compete on the facility completeness. They have large amounts of addressable memory and performance is better than 16-bit parts.
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